This document is automatically generated based on the enumerations present in the following schema: "Unified Biosciences Information Framework (UBIF) 1.0 beta 15". The html representation is intended for documentation and to improve discussion and correction of errors (please comment on http://efgblade.cs.umb.edu/twiki/bin/view/UBIF/EnumerationsTypes). The xml representation follows the general conventions of UBIF documents and may be easier to import or integrate into user interfaces than the schema itself. This is especially true for SDD documents, where a large part of the terminology is provided in the form of data documents by the experts of a given knowledge domain. This document can be used side-by-side as schema-defined terminology with user-defined terminology. Note that a special UBIF payload schema Enumeration is defined in the schema UBIF_Enumerations.xsd, with which this file can be validated.

RevisionStatusEnum

Revision Status is applied to the entire data collection as well as to individual objects (a specimen, a class description, etc.). Exact semantics are only defined for the first and the last category. The semantics of the intermediate (level 1 to 5) may be chosen freely by the user, but the relative position should be maintained. If, for example, three revision steps are planned (2 intermediate, reaching FullyRevised on third), it is recommended to use RevisionLevel2, RevisionLevel4, FullyRevised.

Unrevised

The data have been input, but no separate revision was performed.

Revision level 1 of 5

For example, in a collection less than ca. 20 % of the data are revised, or on a single object only a plausibility check has been performed.

Revision level 2 of 5

For example, in a collection ca. 41-60 % of the data are revised, or on a single object the data are compared carefully with the source.

Revision level 3 of 5

For example, ca. 41-60 % of the data are revised.

Revision level 4 of 5

For example, ca. 61-80 % of the data are revised.

Revision level 5 of 5

For example, more than 80% revised (but not yet completed).

Revision completed

This does not necessarily imply that the data are complete in a scientific sense. They are completely revised only under the available time and the goals set for the project.

ExpertiseLevelEnum

Restricted to integer values from 0 to 5. 0 is defined as unspecified level, and 1 to 5 indicates expertise from schoolchildren to taxonomic expert. See the description of the values for recommendations for interpreting and choosing the expert level.

0 = Unspecified expertise level

Use this if the expertise level of can not be assessed (e. g. when exporting data) or is considered irrelevant.

1 = Elementary school (year 1 to 6) 2 = Middle school (year 7 to 10) 3 = High school (year 11 above) and general public

When addressing this level specialized terminology or jargon should be avoided.

4 = University students or (partly) trained staff

This level uses specialized terminology, but avoids or explains problematic terms.

5 = Experts

This level uses the full range of terminology

ResourceTypeEnum

This enumeration is identical with the DCMI Type Vocabulary (http: //dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/, as of 6/2004), except that an additional type "Other" has been added. Its purpose is to provide a framework of broad media or resource type terms, without the technical detail provided by the large number of MIME types. The annotations are largely based on those from the DublinCore metadata initiative vocabulary.

Collection

A collection is an aggregation of items. The term collection means that the resource is described as a group; its parts may be separately described and navigated.

Dataset

A dataset is information encoded in a defined structure (for example, lists, tables, and databases), intended to be useful for direct machine processing.

Event

An event is a non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, responsible agents, and links to related events and resources. The resource of type event may not be retrievable if the described instantiation has expired or is yet to occur. Examples - exhibition, web-cast, conference, workshop, open-day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea-party, conflagration.

Image

An image is a primarily symbolic visual representation other than text. For example - images and photographs of physical objects, paintings, prints, drawings, other images and graphics, animations and moving pictures, film, diagrams, maps, musical notation. Note that image may include both electronic and physical representations.

Interactive Resource

An interactive resource is a resource which requires interaction from the user to be understood, executed, or experienced. For example - forms on web pages, applets, multimedia learning objects, chat services, virtual reality.

Moving Image (Video)

A series of visual representations that, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion. Examples of moving images are: animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Comment: Instances of the type "Moving Image" must also be describable as instances of the broader type "Image".

Physical Object

An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. For example -- a computer, the great pyramid, a sculpture. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these things should use Image, Text or one of the other types.

Service

A service is a system that provides one or more functions of value to the end-user. Examples include: a photocopying service, a banking service, an authentication service, interlibrary loans, a Z39.50 or Web server.

Software

Software is a computer program in source or compiled form which may be available for installation non-transiently on another machine. For software which exists only to create an interactive environment, use interactive instead.

Sound

A sound is a resource whose content is primarily intended to be rendered as audio. For example - a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds.

Still Image

A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Comment: Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Instances of the type "Still Image" must also be describable as instances of the broader type "Image".

Text

A text is a resource whose content is primarily words for reading. For example - books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text may contain embedded still image illustrations, e. g., formatted html pages.

Other

Use this category if the resource does not seem to fit into any of the categories provided above.

TelephoneDeviceEnum

Kind of phone number: voice, fax, mobile, pager, modem. These enumerated values are identical with vCard 3.0 flags (several of which can be added to a single phone number; to represent this in the UBIF interface duplicate the phone number itself!)

voice phone number fax number mobile phone number modem number pager number Rating1to5Enum

Enumeration restricted to integer values from 1 to 5, indicating an arbitrary rating (meaning, e. g., 1 = disagree strongly, 2 = rather disagree, 3 = neutral or undecided, 4 = rather agree, 5 = agree strongly). This enumeration is of limited usefulness and could be replaced by an restriction on integer, but using the enumeration the semantics of agreement/disagreement or positive/negative rating can be communicated in a culture-neutral way (in German 1 is generally considered best and 5 worst, in English 1 worst, 5 best...).

Rating1to5Enum

Aufzählung von ganzzahligen Werten zwischen 0 u. 5 für beliebige Bewertungsskalen. Beispiel für Interpretation der 5 Werte: 1 = ablehnend, 2 = eher ablehnend, 3 =neutral oder unentschieden, 4 = eher zustimmend, 5 = zustimmend)

0

Undecided (not yet rated).

1

For example, "disagree strongly", or "very poor".

2

For example, "rather disagree", or "poor".

3

For example, "neutral", "average", "undecided".

4

For example, "rather agree", or "good".

5

For example, "agree strongly", or "very good".

TextDirectionalityEnum

Values are ltr (left to right), rtl (right to left). Compare CSS2 and the XHTML 2.0 bi-directional text module. Note: A future UBIF version may also include lro/rlo = left-right-overide/right-left-overide, if this is found to be necessary.

left-to-right text direction (e.g., English) ltr right-to-left text direction (e.g., Arabic) rtl StatisticalMeasurementScaleEnum

In statistical analysis it is often vital to know some basic properties of the values that are being analyzed. Some of these properties can be summarized in the form of a measurement scale. Higher scales can always be analyzed under the assumptions of a lower scale (ordinal data can be analyzed as nominal, ratio as interval). [The following types are members of this union: QuantitativeMeasurementScaleEnum CategoricalMeasurementScaleEnum]

interval

real numeric (= floating point) values, where 0 is an arbitrarily defined point. As a consequence, ratios are undefined and only the intervals between values can be analyzed. Example: Temperature in °C or °F.

ratio

real numeric (= floating point) values (DELTA: type 'RN'), where 0 is an objective point and ratios can thus be analyzed. Example: length measurements. Most measures belong into this category and it is acceptable to assume the 'ratio' scale when importing DELTA legacy data.

nominal

unordered categorical states (DELTA character type 'UM')

ordinal

ordered categorical states (DELTA character type 'OM'). Unless a separate tree defines more specific ordering, the order is assumed to be linear in the sequence in which the categories are enumerated in their definition.

QuantitativeMeasurementScaleEnum

Those values from StatisticalMeasurementScaleEnum addressing numerical data ('ratio' and 'interval'). Note: Occasionally "integer" or "cardinal" (versus real numbers) are also considered part of the measurement scale. This should be avoided because: a) All combinations of interval/ratio and discrete/continous are possible. b) The important distinction is whether a measurement is based on a continuous or discrete scale. Although in most cases this is equivalent with integer versus real numbers, it is not necessarily so. An ANOVA will report false significance not only when values come from "1, 2, 3 and 4", but also when they come from "1.2, 2.4, 3.6 and 4.8".

interval

real numeric (= floating point) values, where 0 is an arbitrarily defined point. As a consequence, ratios are undefined and only the intervals between values can be analyzed. Example: Temperature in °C or °F.

ratio

real numeric (= floating point) values (DELTA: type 'RN'), where 0 is an objective point and ratios can thus be analyzed. Example: length measurements. Most measures belong into this category and it is acceptable to assume the 'ratio' scale when importing DELTA legacy data.

CategoricalMeasurementScaleEnum

Those values from StatisticalMeasurementScaleEnum addressing categorical data ('nominal' and 'ordinal').

nominal

unordered categorical states (DELTA character type 'UM')

ordinal

ordered categorical states (DELTA character type 'OM'). Unless a separate tree defines more specific ordering, the order is assumed to be linear in the sequence in which the categories are enumerated in their definition.

UnivarStatMeasureEnum

An enumeration of univariate statistical measures supported by UBIF (esp. used by SDD). The list is intended to be more complete than normally necessary at least in biological morphometrics. Missing measures should be requested for addition in a future version of this schema. Compare also UnivarStatMeasureWithParamEnum, containing further statistical measures that use an additional parameter (for percentage of percentile or confidence interval, etc.).

Lower range limit (human estimate) -

Free estimate made by human observer for the lower range limit (no statistical sampling and calculation was used). This method is appropriate when it is known that the values are derived from experience with the described objects (perhaps from memory) or from scanning a sample of objects and measuring those objects considered 'typical'. This method is not appropriate for single measurements or for calculations based on statistical methods (which provide exact 'statistical estimates'). Compare also the 'UnknownMethod'-methods that are provided for legacy data.

Untere Grenze (Schätzwert, ohne Berechnung) -

Freie Schätzung ohne Verwendung statistischer Probenahme und Berechnung.

ObserverEstimate LowerRange false Upper range limit (human estimate) +

Free estimate made by human observer for the upper range limit (no statistical sampling and calculation was used). This method is appropriate when it is known that the values are derived from experience with the described objects (perhaps from memory) or from scanning a sample of objects and measuring those objects considered 'typical'. This method is not appropriate for single measurements or for calculations based on statistical methods (which provide exact 'statistical estimates'). Compare also the 'UnknownMethod'-methods that are provided for legacy data.

Obere Grenze (Schätzwert, ohne Berechnung) +

Freie Schätzung ohne Verwendung statistischer Probenahme und Berechnung.

ObserverEstimate UpperRange false Central or typical value (human estimate) centr.

Free estimate made by human observer for a single central or typical value (no statistical sampling and calculation was used). This method is appropriate when it is known that the values are derived from experience with the described objects (perhaps from memory) or from scanning a sample of objects and measuring those objects considered 'typical'. It is not appropriate for single measurements nor for calculations based on statistical methods (which provide exact 'statistical estimates'). Compare also the 'UnknownMethod'-methods that are provided for legacy data.

Mittlerer oder typischer Wert (Schätzwert, ohne Berechnung) centr.

Freie Schätzung ohne Verwendung statistischer Probenahme und Berechnung.

ObserverEstimate CentralMeasure false Lower range limit (legacy data) -(?)

Lower range limit obtained by an unknown method (e. g. human observer estimate or some kind of statistical estimate). The range may, e. g., be mean plus/minus standard deviation, or a range estimate. 'Unknown' is important for legacy data where the statistical measure used is not known. If it is known that a measure is a human observer estimate rather than a defined value, the 'ObserverEstimate' methods should be used instead.

UnknownMethod LowerRange false Upper range limit (legacy data) +(?)

Upper range limit obtained by an unknown method (e. g. human observer estimate or some kind of statistical estimate). The range may, e. g., be mean plus/minus standard deviation, or a range estimate. 'Unknown' is important for legacy data where the statistical measure used is not known. If it is known that a measure is a human observer estimate rather than a defined value, the 'ObserverEstimate' methods should be used instead.

UnknownMethod UpperRange false Central or typical value (legacy data) centr.(?)

Central or typical value obtained by an unknown method (e. g. human observer estimate or some kind of statistical estimate). The central value may, e. g., be a single measurement, median, or arithmetic mean. 'Unknown' is important for legacy data where the statistical measure used is not known. If it is known that a measure is a human observer estimate rather than a defined value, the 'ObserverEstimate' methods should be used instead.

Mittlerer/typischer Wert (genaue Definition unbekannt) Mittl.(?) UnknownMethod CentralMeasure false Minimum value Min

Absolute smallest value

Minimum Min

Der kleinste beobachtete Wert

StatisticalEstimate LowerExtreme false Maximum value Max

Absolute largest value

Maximum Max

Der größte beobachtete Wert

StatisticalEstimate UpperExtreme false Mean (= average) µ

This is the normal, arithmetic mean.

Mittelwert µ

Dies ist der normale, arithmetische Mittelwert.

StatisticalEstimate CentralMeasure false Harmonic mean hµ

The harmonic mean (reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of reciprocals) is rarely used. Recommendation: if nothing specific is said about a "mean", it can safely be assumed to be an arithmetic mean.

Harmonischer Mittelwert hµ

Der harmonische Mittelwert (Inverses des Mittelwert der inverses Werte) wird nur selten verwendet. Empfehlung: wenn keine genauere Angabe zu einem Mittelwert gemacht wird kann man davon ausgehen, dass es sich um den arithmetischen Mittelwert handelt.

StatisticalEstimate CentralMeasure false Geometric mean gµ

The geometric mean (antilog of mean of logarithms) is relatively rarely used. Recommendation: if nothing specific is said about a "mean", it can safely be assumed to be an arithmetic mean.

Geometrischer Mittelwert gµ

Der geometrische Mittelwert (Umkehrlogarithmus des Mittelwertes der logarithmierten Werte) wird nur sehr selten verwendet. Empfehlung: Wenn keine genauere Angabe zu einem Mittelwert gemacht wird kann man davon ausgehen, dass es sich um den arithmetischen Mittelwert handelt.

StatisticalEstimate CentralMeasure false Mode mode

The value or value class with the highest frequency (most frequently occurring). Applicable only to unimodal distributions.

Modus mod. StatisticalEstimate CentralMeasure false Median med.

The median is the 50 % percentile, i.e. 50% of the sampled values are smaller and the rest is larger than this value.

Median (Zentralwert) med.

Der Median ist das 50% Quantil, d.h. 50% der Werte sind kleiner, und ebenso viele größer als dieser Wert.

StatisticalEstimate CentralMeasure false Interquartile mean (= average) IQM

A truncated arithmetic mean, calculated only from those values that lie between 25 and 75% of sample values. This reduces the dependency of the mean on outliers and measurement errors.

Interquartilsmittelwert IQM

Der arithmentische Mittelwert berechnet auf der Basis der in das symmetrische Intervall um den Median (= 50% der Beobachtungen) fallenden Werten.

StatisticalEstimate CentralMeasure false Variance (sample, df = n-1) Var.

Variance based on a sample; calculated with n-1 (n = sample size) degrees of freedom. This is the "normal" variance used in almost all cases. A variance is a standard deviation squared.

Varianz (Stichprobe, Freiheitsgrade = n-1) Var.

Streuung der Werte in einer Stichprobe, berechnet mit n-1 Freiheitsgraden (n = Stichprobenumfang). Dies ist die "normale" Varianz die in fast allen Fällen verwendet wird.

StatisticalEstimate VarianceMeasure true Variance (population; df = n; rarely applicable!) Var. (pop.)

Variance of population, calculated with n (= sample size) degrees of freedom. Use this if the entire population of objects has been studied. Normally conclusions about the population are based on a sample that has been studied; in this case the "normal" variance with df = n-1 is appropriate.

Varianz (Grundgesamtheit, n Freiheitsgrade) Var./G

Varianz einer Grundgesamtheit, berechnet mit n (= Stichprobenumfang) Freiheitsgraden. In den meisten Fällen macht man Rückschlüsse auf die Grundgesamtheit anhand einer Stichprobe; in diesem Fall ist die "normale" Standardabweichung mit n-1 Freiheitsgraden zu verwenden.

StatisticalParameter VarianceMeasure true Standard deviation (sample) s.d.

Standard deviation based on a sample, calculated with n-1 (n = sample size) degrees of freedom. This is the "normal" standard deviation used in almost all cases.

Standardabweichung (Stichprobe, Freiheitsgrade = n-1) Std.Abw.

Standardabweichung einer Stichprobe, berechnet mit n-1 Freiheitsgraden (n = Stichprobenumfang). Dies ist die "normale" Standardabweichung die in fast allen Fällen verwendet wird.

StatisticalEstimate VarianceMeasure false Standard deviation (population; df = n; rarely applicable!) s.d. (pop.)

Standard deviation based on the entire population; calculated with n (= sample size) degrees of freedom. Use this if the entire population of objects has been studied. Normally conclusions about the population are based on a sample that has been studied; in this case the "normal" std. dev. with df = n-1 is appropriate.

Standardabweichung (Grundgesamtheit; n Freiheitsgrade) Std.Abw./G

Standardabweichung einer Grundgesamtheit; berechnet mit n (= Stichprobenumfang) Freiheitsgraden. In den meisten Fällen macht man Rückschlüsse auf die Grundgesamtheit anhand einer Stichprobe; in diesem Fall ist die "normale" Standardabweichung mit n-1 Freiheitsgraden zu verwenden.

StatisticalParameter VarianceMeasure false Mean deviation m.d.

The mean of the absolute differences from the arithmetic mean of values. The absolute differences are the positive, unsquared differences from the mean.

Mittlere Abweichung. Mittl.Abw. StatisticalParameter VarianceMeasure false Mean deviation from median m.d.m.

The mean of the absolute differences from the median of values. The absolute differences are the positive, unsquared differences from the mode.

Mittlere Abweichung vom Median. Mittl.Abw. StatisticalParameter VarianceMeasure false Coefficient of variation (sample) CV

Standard deviation (based on a sample), divided by the mean. The values entered should not be expressed as percent, but converted to a true value (use '0.3' for 30%). According to Sokal & Rohlf 1981:59 this is a biased estimate, which may be corrected, compare 'CVC'.

Varianzkoeffizient (Stichprobe, Freiheitsgrade = n-1) VK

Standardabweichung einer Stichprobe (n-1 Freiheitsgrade) geteilt durch den Mittelwert.

StatisticalEstimate VarianceMeasure true true Corrected coefficient of variation (sample) CVC

Corrected coefficient corrected by (1 + (1/4n)). Compare, e. g., Sokal & Rohlf 1981:59'.

Korrigierter Varianzkoeffizient (Stichprobe, Freiheitsgrade = n-1) VK

Varianzkoeffizient korrigiert mit (1 + (1/4n)). Vergleiche Sokal & Rohlf 1981:59'.

StatisticalEstimate VarianceMeasure true Total range TR

The maximum value minus the minimum value. Also often called "Range" without further qualification like 'absolute', 'total'. This measure can normally be computed automatically based on minimum and maximum. It will be manually entered, if minimum and maximum are not separately cited in a publication.

Gesamtdifferenz TR

Maximum minus Minimum.

StatisticalEstimate VarianceMeasure false Interquartile range IQR

This is the length of a symmetric interval around median, containing 50% of observations.

Quartilsdifferenz QD

Dies ist die Länge eines symmetrischen Intervalls um den Median welches 50% der Beobachtungen enthält.

StatisticalEstimate VarianceMeasure false Standard error of mean s.e.

The standard error of mean is defined as: "std. dev. / square root(n)" (with n = sample size)

Standardfehler (Mittelwert) SF StatisticalEstimate VarianceMeasure true Standard error of variance (of multiple samples) s.e.(var.)

This is not a variance measure of the mean, but a measure of the variance of the variance estimates.

Standardfehler der Varianz (bei multiple samples) SF (var.)

Der Standardfehler der Varianz kann nur bei mehreren Stichproben bestimmt werden. Dies ist kein Streuungsmaß für den Mittelwert, sondern ein Maß für die Streuung der Varianzschätzungen!

StatisticalEstimate Other true Skewness Skw.

Coefficient of skewness of a distribution, a measure of the degree of asymmetry of a distribution around its mean: <0 if mode < median, =0 if symmetric, > 0 if mode > median.

Schiefe Sch.

Schiefe der Verteilung: <0 wenn Modus < Median, =0 wenn symmetrisch, > 0 wenn Modus > Median.

StatisticalEstimate Other true Kurtosis Kurt.

Coefficient of kurtosis of distribution, a measure of the "peakedness" of a distribution. A normal distribution has a value of 0.263, larger values indicate wider, smaller narrower distributions.

Kurtosis Kurt.

Exzess (Kurtosis) der Verteilung. Eine Normalverteilung hat einen Wert von 0,263, größere Werte zeigen zu breite, kleinere Werte zu schmale Verteilungen an.

StatisticalEstimate Other true Stichprobenumfang n

Die Anzahl der Beobachtungen auf denen die angegebenen statistischen Maße (Mittelwert, Standardabweichung, etc.) beruhen.

Sample size n

The number of objects studied and on which the other reported statistical measures (mean, standard deviation, etc.) are based.

StatisticalParameter SampleSize true UnivarStatMeasureWithParamEnum

An enumeration of parameterized univariate statistical measures supported by UBIF (esp. used by SDD).

Lower limit of {ParameterValue}% confidence interval for mean. -CI{ParameterValue}

The confidence interval is defined as a range into which the true mean of the distribution falls with a certain probability. The parameter expresses the confidence level in percent. Typical values are: 99.9% (= 0.05% from left!), 99% (= 0.5% from left), 95% (= 2.5% from left), 90% (= 5% from left).

Untere Grenze des {ParameterValue}%-Konfidenzintervalls für den Mittelwert -CI{ParameterValue} StatisticalEstimate LowerRange false true Upper limit of {ParameterValue}% confidence interval for mean. +CI{ParameterValue}

The confidence interval is defined as a range into which the true mean of the distribution falls with a certain probability. The probability is expressed in percent in a parameter called; typical values are: 99.9 (= 99.95% from left!), 99 (= 99.5% from left), 95 (= 97.5% from left), 90 (= 95% from left).

Obere Grenze des {ParameterValue}%-Konfidenzintervalls für den Mittelwert +CI{ParameterValue} StatisticalEstimate UpperRange false true {ParameterValue}% percentile -P{ParameterValue}

The {ParameterValue}% percentile is defined such that {ParameterValue}% of the observations are smaller than this value. Typical parameter values are 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 (= 1st quartile), 30. Do not use 50; use the 'Median' measure instead!

{ParameterValue}% Quantil -P{ParameterValue}

Das {ParameterValue}%Quantil ist der Wert der größer oder gleich {ParameterValue}% der Beobachtungen ist.

StatisticalEstimate LowerRange false true {ParameterValue}% percentile +P{ParameterValue}

The {ParameterValue}% percentile is defined such that {ParameterValue}% of the observations are smaller than this value. Typical parameter values are 70, 75 (= 3rd quartile), 80, 90, 95, 97.5. Do not use 50; use the 'Median' measure instead!

{ParameterValue}% Quantil +P{ParameterValue}

Das {ParameterValue}%Quantil ist der Wert der größer oder gleich {ParameterValue}% der Beobachtungen ist.

StatisticalEstimate UpperRange false true {ParameterValue}% trim mean +TM{ParameterValue}

The arithmetic mean of the symmetric {ParameterValue}% interior portion of a set of data values.

StatisticalEstimate UpperRange false true Mean minus {ParameterValue} stand. deviation(s) µ - {ParameterValue} s.d.

Lower limit of a range calculated as mean minus standard deviations. The parameter ParameterValue (here {ParameterValue}) defines a factor with which the s.d. is multiplied before it is substracted from the mean. Typical parameter values are 1 or 2.

Mittelwert minus {ParameterValue} Standardabweichung(en). µ - {ParameterValue} Std.abw. StatisticalEstimate LowerRange false false Mean plus {ParameterValue} stand. deviation(s) µ + {ParameterValue} s.d.

Upper limit of a range calculated as mean plus standard deviations. The parameter ParameterValue (here {ParameterValue}) defines a factor with which the s.d. is multiplied before it is added to the mean. Typical parameter values are 1 or 2.

Mittelwert plus {ParameterValue} Standardabweichung(en). µ + {ParameterValue} Std.abw. StatisticalEstimate UpperRange false false Minimum; outlier corrected ({ParameterValue} std. dev.) Min\{ParameterValue} s.d.

Absolute minimum value of sample, excluding outlier values more than {ParameterValue} standard deviations distant from the mean. Typical parameter values are 3 or 4.

Minimum; Outlier-korrigiert ({ParameterValue} std. dev.). Min\{ParameterValue} Std.abw. StatisticalEstimate LowerExtreme false false Maximum; outlier corrected ({ParameterValue} std. dev.) Max\{ParameterValue} s.d.

Absolute maximum value of sample, excluding outlier values more than {ParameterValue} standard deviations distant from the mean. Typical parameter values are 3 or 4.

Maximum; Outlier-korrigiert ({ParameterValue} std. dev.). Max\{ParameterValue} Std.abw. StatisticalEstimate UpperExtreme false false UnivarStatMeasureReportingClassEnum

Broad classification of the univariate statistical methods, used in "UnivarStatMeasureEnum": //xs:enumeration/xs:annotation/xs:appinfo/Specification/ReportingClass. A separate xslt script (UBIF_Enumerations.xsl) is provided that converts this from schema data to xml instance data. ReportingClasses are provided to simplify the creation of applications using UnivarStatMeasure values. They simplify the detailed information provided by the method values into a minimally extended version of the five basic measurement classes supported by DELTA. Most applications that report information for human consumption can rely on these reporting classes in their decision how to present the data. Whereas UnivarStatMeasureEnum must be implemented, these additional specifications are an offer to simplify implementations and increase compatibility with future UBIF version. Implementors may choose different methods of handling the statistical measures, however. Compare also UnivarStatMeasureReportingClassEnum.

Any kind of central measure, like mean, mode, median, etc. The lower value of any kind of range measure, like 'mean minus standard dev.', confidencen interval, percentiles, etc. The upper value of any kind of range measure, like 'mean + standard dev.', confidencen interval, percentiles, etc. The absolute minimum value. The absolute maximum value. Any kind of variance measure, like standard deviation, variance, etc. The sample size. Any other kind of statistical measure. UnivarStatMeasureMethodClassEnum

Broad classification of the univariate statistical methods, used in "UnivarStatMeasureEnum": //xs:enumeration/xs:annotation/xs:appinfo/Specification/MethodClass. A separate xslt script (UBIF_Enumerations.xsl) is provided that converts this from schema data to xml instance data. MethodClasses inform about very general quality properties of measures. This is an optional feature. Whereas UnivarStatMeasureEnum must be implemented, these additional specifications are an offer to simplify implementations and increase compatibility with future UBIF version. Implementors may choose different methods of handling the statistical measures, however. Compare also UnivarStatMeasureReportingClassEnum.

Statistical estimate

Measures estimated by statistical methods. Examples: Sample mean, minimum, confidence interval, standard deviation (n-1 degrees of freedom).

Statistical parameter

Values calculated by statistical methods that are exact in relation to the population under study (statistical estimates are exact in relation to the sample, but estimates in relation to the population under study). Examples: Sample size, standard deviation (n degrees of freedom).

Observer estimate

Values estimated by humans without using mathematical/statistical methods.

Unknown method

Values obtained by an unknown method. This may be a statistical method or a human observer estimate. Many legacy data sets and data published in print fall into this category.

AgentRoleEnum

Provides codes for roles like author, editor, photographer, advisor, or copyright holder. This type is implemented as a union of all AgentRole* enumerations. The roles and their codes used here are based on http://www.loc.gov/marc.relators/ (as of 2004/6 available at http://dublincore.org/usage/meetings/2004/03/Relator-codes.html). For example, the enumerated code "aut" for author corresponds to http://www.loc.gov/marc.relators/aut. The DublinCore Agents group is considering using the same codes (see e. g. http://www.loc.gov/marc/dc/Agent-roles.html), but as of 2004/6 the DublinCore Agents subgroup did not yet agree on a Creator/Contributor refinement as qualified DublinCore. Note that the roles selected here are a subset of the MARC roles. [The following types are members of this union: AgentCreatorRoleEnum AgentContributorRoleEnum AgentOwnerRoleEnum]

Author

A person or corporate body chiefly responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of a work. This term may also be used when more than one person or body bears such responsibility.

Editor

A person who prepares for publication a work not primarily his/her own, such as by elucidating text, adding introductory or other critical matter, or technically directing an editorial staff.

Creator in general

A person or corporate body responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of a work. The more specific type Author [aut] or Editor [edt] should be preferred.

Illustrator

The person who conceives, and perhaps also implements, a design or illustration, usually to accompany a written text.

Photographer

The person or organization responsible for taking photographs, whether they are used in their original form or as reproductions.

Contributor in general

Someone whose work has been contributed to a larger work, such as an anthology, serial publication, or other compilation of individual works. Do not use for someone whose sole function in relation to a work is as author, editor, compiler or translator.

Translator

A person who renders a text from one language into another, from an older form of a language into the modern form, or from one audience-specific representation to one appropriate for another audience.

Transcriber

A person who prepares a handwritten or typewritten copy from original material, including from dictated or orally recorded material.

Collaborator

A person or corporate body that takes a limited part in the elaboration of a work of another person or corporate body that brings complements (e.g., appendices, notes) to the work.

Collector

A person who has brought together material from various sources, which has been arranged, described, and catalogued as a collection. The collector is neither the creator of the material nor the person to whom manuscripts in the collection may have been addressed.

Correspondent

A person or organization who was either the writer or recipient of a letter or other communication.

Programmer

A person or corporate body responsible for the creation and/or maintenance of computer program design documents, source code, and machine-executable digital files and supporting documentation.

Research team head

The person or corporate body that directed or managed a research project.

Research team member

The person or corporate body that participated in a research project but whose role did not involve direction or management of it.

Researcher

The person or corporate body responsible for performing research.

Scientific advisor

A person who brings scientific, pedagogical, or historical competence to the conception and realization on a work, particularly in the case of audio-visual items.

Proofreader

A person who corrects text (orthography, grammar).

Markup editor

The person or organization performing the coding of SGML, HTML, or XML markup of metadata, text, etc.

Commentator

A person who provides interpretation, analysis, or a discussion of the subject matter on a recording, motion picture, or other audiovisual medium.

Reviewer

A person or corporate body responsible for the review of book, motion picture, performance, etc.

Consultant

The person called upon for professional advice or services in a specialized field of knowledge or training.

Owner

The person or organization that currently owns an item or collection.

Former owner

The person or organization who owned an item at any time in the past. Includes those to whom the material was once presented. The person or organization giving the item to the present owner is designated as Donor [dnr]

Copyright holder

A person or organization owning the copyright of the material.

Copyright claimant

The person listed as a copyright owner at the time of registration. Copyright can be granted or later transferred to another person or agent, at which time the claimant becomes the copyright holder.

Donor

The donor of a book, manuscript, etc., to its present owner. Donors to previous owners are designated as Former owner [fmo]

Depositor

A person or organization placing material in the physical custody of a library or repository without transferring the legal title.

AgentCreatorContribRoleEnum

Creator or Contributor, but no Owner roles (union of AgentRole* enumerations). [The following types are members of this union: AgentCreatorRoleEnum AgentContributorRoleEnum]

Author

A person or corporate body chiefly responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of a work. This term may also be used when more than one person or body bears such responsibility.

Editor

A person who prepares for publication a work not primarily his/her own, such as by elucidating text, adding introductory or other critical matter, or technically directing an editorial staff.

Creator in general

A person or corporate body responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of a work. The more specific type Author [aut] or Editor [edt] should be preferred.

Illustrator

The person who conceives, and perhaps also implements, a design or illustration, usually to accompany a written text.

Photographer

The person or organization responsible for taking photographs, whether they are used in their original form or as reproductions.

Contributor in general

Someone whose work has been contributed to a larger work, such as an anthology, serial publication, or other compilation of individual works. Do not use for someone whose sole function in relation to a work is as author, editor, compiler or translator.

Translator

A person who renders a text from one language into another, from an older form of a language into the modern form, or from one audience-specific representation to one appropriate for another audience.

Transcriber

A person who prepares a handwritten or typewritten copy from original material, including from dictated or orally recorded material.

Collaborator

A person or corporate body that takes a limited part in the elaboration of a work of another person or corporate body that brings complements (e.g., appendices, notes) to the work.

Collector

A person who has brought together material from various sources, which has been arranged, described, and catalogued as a collection. The collector is neither the creator of the material nor the person to whom manuscripts in the collection may have been addressed.

Correspondent

A person or organization who was either the writer or recipient of a letter or other communication.

Programmer

A person or corporate body responsible for the creation and/or maintenance of computer program design documents, source code, and machine-executable digital files and supporting documentation.

Research team head

The person or corporate body that directed or managed a research project.

Research team member

The person or corporate body that participated in a research project but whose role did not involve direction or management of it.

Researcher

The person or corporate body responsible for performing research.

Scientific advisor

A person who brings scientific, pedagogical, or historical competence to the conception and realization on a work, particularly in the case of audio-visual items.

Proofreader

A person who corrects text (orthography, grammar).

Markup editor

The person or organization performing the coding of SGML, HTML, or XML markup of metadata, text, etc.

Commentator

A person who provides interpretation, analysis, or a discussion of the subject matter on a recording, motion picture, or other audiovisual medium.

Reviewer

A person or corporate body responsible for the review of book, motion picture, performance, etc.

Consultant

The person called upon for professional advice or services in a specialized field of knowledge or training.

AgentCreatorRoleEnum

Enumeration of roles supported for creator agents. See AgentRoleEnum for information about the MARC relator codes.

Author

A person or corporate body chiefly responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of a work. This term may also be used when more than one person or body bears such responsibility.

Editor

A person who prepares for publication a work not primarily his/her own, such as by elucidating text, adding introductory or other critical matter, or technically directing an editorial staff.

Creator in general

A person or corporate body responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of a work. The more specific type Author [aut] or Editor [edt] should be preferred.

Illustrator

The person who conceives, and perhaps also implements, a design or illustration, usually to accompany a written text.

Photographer

The person or organization responsible for taking photographs, whether they are used in their original form or as reproductions.

AgentContributorRoleEnum

Enumeration of supported roles for contributor agents. See AgentRoleEnum for information about the MARC relator codes.

Contributor in general

Someone whose work has been contributed to a larger work, such as an anthology, serial publication, or other compilation of individual works. Do not use for someone whose sole function in relation to a work is as author, editor, compiler or translator.

Translator

A person who renders a text from one language into another, from an older form of a language into the modern form, or from one audience-specific representation to one appropriate for another audience.

Transcriber

A person who prepares a handwritten or typewritten copy from original material, including from dictated or orally recorded material.

Collaborator

A person or corporate body that takes a limited part in the elaboration of a work of another person or corporate body that brings complements (e.g., appendices, notes) to the work.

Collector

A person who has brought together material from various sources, which has been arranged, described, and catalogued as a collection. The collector is neither the creator of the material nor the person to whom manuscripts in the collection may have been addressed.

Correspondent

A person or organization who was either the writer or recipient of a letter or other communication.

Programmer

A person or corporate body responsible for the creation and/or maintenance of computer program design documents, source code, and machine-executable digital files and supporting documentation.

Research team head

The person or corporate body that directed or managed a research project.

Research team member

The person or corporate body that participated in a research project but whose role did not involve direction or management of it.

Researcher

The person or corporate body responsible for performing research.

Scientific advisor

A person who brings scientific, pedagogical, or historical competence to the conception and realization on a work, particularly in the case of audio-visual items.

Proofreader

A person who corrects text (orthography, grammar).

Markup editor

The person or organization performing the coding of SGML, HTML, or XML markup of metadata, text, etc.

Commentator

A person who provides interpretation, analysis, or a discussion of the subject matter on a recording, motion picture, or other audiovisual medium.

Reviewer

A person or corporate body responsible for the review of book, motion picture, performance, etc.

Consultant

The person called upon for professional advice or services in a specialized field of knowledge or training.

AgentOwnerRoleEnum

Enumeration of supported roles for owner/copyright agents. See AgentRoleEnum for information about the MARC relator codes.

Owner

The person or organization that currently owns an item or collection.

Former owner

The person or organization who owned an item at any time in the past. Includes those to whom the material was once presented. The person or organization giving the item to the present owner is designated as Donor [dnr]

Copyright holder

A person or organization owning the copyright of the material.

Copyright claimant

The person listed as a copyright owner at the time of registration. Copyright can be granted or later transferred to another person or agent, at which time the claimant becomes the copyright holder.

Donor

The donor of a book, manuscript, etc., to its present owner. Donors to previous owners are designated as Former owner [fmo]

Depositor

A person or organization placing material in the physical custody of a library or repository without transferring the legal title.

SexCodeEnum

Codes for sex value in humans (clinical status) or animals. The codes are largely based on those defined in DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine, http://medical.nema.org/) and ASTM E1633 (= "Standard Specification for Coded Values Used in the Electronic Health Record. Document Number: ASTM E1633-02a. ASTM International, 10-Nov-2002, 76 pages"). Additional codes specific to biology have been added.

An alternative standard is ISO 5218, which provides only four codes: "0 = Not known, 1 = Male, 2 = Female, 9 = Not specified". Difference between 0 and 9: "Sex not known (0) implies that the sex of the person is not provided in the personal details i.e. the data has not been supplied and sex cannot be ascertained from the data provided; sex not specified (9) implies that the sex of the person cannot be determined for physical reasons, e. g. a new born baby. ISO 5218 contains fewer and less intuitive codes. For biological purposes many codes would have to be arbitrarily added. G. Hagedorn, 10. August 2004 [The following types are members of this union: BasicSexCodeEnum AdditionalSexCodeEnum]

Male

[= ASTM E1633: M, = ISO 5218: 1]

Female

[= ASTM E1633: F, = ISO 5218: 2]

Unknown sex

No information regarding the sex is available (= "not recorded"). [= ASTM E1633: U, = ISO 5218: 0]

Hermaphrodite

An organism having both male and female sexual organs at some time during adulthood. General term, not differentiating between simultaneous or sequential hermaphrodites. [= ASTM E1633: H]

Simultaneous hermaphrodite

An organism having both male and female sexual organs at the same time during adulthood. [Not in ASTM E1633]

Male changing to Female

The organism starts as a male, and changes sex to a female later in life (sequential hermaphrodite: protandry). Examples: seabasses (fish); many plant species; humans that underwent surgical sex change. This terms does not identify a phase in which an individual may be. [= ASTM E1633: MC]

Female changing to Male

The organism starts as a female, and changes sex to a male later in life (sequential hermaphrodite: protogyny). Example: Wrass reef fishes; some plants; humans that underwent surgical sex change. This terms does not identify a phase in which an individual may be. [= ASTM E1633: FC]

Hermaphrodite, male phase

Sequential hermaphrodite in male phase. [Not in ASTM E1633]

Hermaphrodite, female phase

Sequential hermaphrodite in female phase. [Not in ASTM E1633]

Hermaphrodite, transitional phase

Sequential hermaphrodite currently between sexes. [Not in ASTM E1633]

Indeterminate sex

The organism has been studied, but the sex could not be determined (e.g. in larval forms). Compare "ambiguous" and "unknown" sex. [perhaps = ISO 5218: 9; not in ASTM E1633/perhaps = O]

Ambiguous sex

The sex organs have been studied, but the result was ambiguous. Includes abnormal mixed sex situations like "gynandromorph" (e. g. an insect is male on one side, female on the other). Compare "indeterminate" and "unknown" sex. [= ASTM E1633: A]

BasicSexCodeEnum

Contains basic sex type codes, sufficient for recording human sexes in most administrative contexts (used, e. g., in the Agent type data interface)

Male

[= ASTM E1633: M, = ISO 5218: 1]

Female

[= ASTM E1633: F, = ISO 5218: 2]

Unknown sex

No information regarding the sex is available (= "not recorded"). [= ASTM E1633: U, = ISO 5218: 0]

AdditionalSexCodeEnum

Contains codes in addition to those defined in BasicSexCodeEnum that are necessary for animals and clinical sex descriptions of humans. Additional codes "S, I, HM, HF, HT" has been added to those defined in DICOM /ASTM E1633. On the other side, the DICOM /ASTM E1633 codes "MP = male pseudohermaphrodite" and "FP = female pseudohermaphrodite" are omitted here because they limited to human sex and express a contentious perspective (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudohermaphrodite). See the UBIF type SexCodeEnum for a union of the enumerated values in this type and those in BasicSexCodeEnum.

Hermaphrodite

An organism having both male and female sexual organs at some time during adulthood. General term, not differentiating between simultaneous or sequential hermaphrodites. [= ASTM E1633: H]

Simultaneous hermaphrodite

An organism having both male and female sexual organs at the same time during adulthood. [Not in ASTM E1633]

Male changing to Female

The organism starts as a male, and changes sex to a female later in life (sequential hermaphrodite: protandry). Examples: seabasses (fish); many plant species; humans that underwent surgical sex change. This terms does not identify a phase in which an individual may be. [= ASTM E1633: MC]

Female changing to Male

The organism starts as a female, and changes sex to a male later in life (sequential hermaphrodite: protogyny). Example: Wrass reef fishes; some plants; humans that underwent surgical sex change. This terms does not identify a phase in which an individual may be. [= ASTM E1633: FC]

Hermaphrodite, male phase

Sequential hermaphrodite in male phase. [Not in ASTM E1633]

Hermaphrodite, female phase

Sequential hermaphrodite in female phase. [Not in ASTM E1633]

Hermaphrodite, transitional phase

Sequential hermaphrodite currently between sexes. [Not in ASTM E1633]

Indeterminate sex

The organism has been studied, but the sex could not be determined (e.g. in larval forms). Compare "ambiguous" and "unknown" sex. [perhaps = ISO 5218: 9; not in ASTM E1633/perhaps = O]

Ambiguous sex

The sex organs have been studied, but the result was ambiguous. Includes abnormal mixed sex situations like "gynandromorph" (e. g. an insect is male on one side, female on the other). Compare "indeterminate" and "unknown" sex. [= ASTM E1633: A]

IdentificationCertaintyEnum

Identifications of an object/unit as belonging to a class concept may be uncertain. This is especially important in biology, where identification qualifiers like 'cf.' or 'aff.' are often used as part of the scientific name. The following enumerated list provides general categories not restricted to scientific organism names. Note: In biology additional expression is often expressed through the choice of placement of the certainty qualifier. For example, 'Echinonema ferruginea var. campestris' may be qualified as 'cf. Echinonema ferruginea var. campestris', 'Echinonema cf. ferruginea var. campestris', 'Echinonema ferruginea cf. var. campestris'. The first presumably means that the entire name is uncertain, but the infraspecific name may be appropriate, the second indicates that the genus is certain, the species uncertain, and the final that the species in certain and only the infraspecific rank is uncertain. To achieve this level of expressiveness, it is recommended that an additional data element 'IdentificationUncertainTaxonomicRank' of type TaxonomicRankEnum may be combined with an element of IdentificationCertaintyEnum. IdentificationUncertainTaxonomicRank should be optional and omitted to express that an identification is unknown, but the rank not known (e. g. in 'Echinonema ferruginea?'). In ABCD 1.44 a special rank with enumeration beforeName, beforeFirstEpithet, beforeSecondEpithet is used instead.

The identification is certain The identification is uncertain

In biology this is often expressed with the Latin 'cf.' (confer).

The identification names a similar object class.

In this case the identified object is considered very similar to those objects classified under the given name. Note that in contrast to 'Uncertain' this implies that the object most likely it does not belong to this class. In biology this is often expressed with the Latin 'aff.' or 'afin.' (affinis).

The certainty of identification is unknown. NomenclaturalTypeStatusOfUnitsEnum

This list is a first version of a constrained vocabulary to express typifying relations between taxonomic names and units (specimens or objects preserved in collections). Beyond those type categories explicitly governed by nomenclatural codes (Zoology, Botany, Bacterioloy, Virology), the list also includes some additional type status terms. These categories may be helpful when interpreting the original circumscription (topotypes, ex-types), but do not have the same binding status as terms governed by the nomenclatural codes. The enumeration attempts to strike a balance between listing all possible terms, and remaining comprehensible. In general, including too many terms was considered less problematic than omitting terms. Applications may easily select a subset for presentation in their user interface.

This list is intended as a first version and it is hoped that in the review process through TDWG it will achieve sufficient maturity to be truly useful. It is expected that over time revisions will have to be made. Please use the WIKI (http://efgblade.cs.umb.edu/twiki/bin/view/UBIF/NomenclaturalTypeStatusOfUnitsDiscussion) to discuss the current list and the lists of synonymous, doubtful, or excluded type terms provided therein.

Some background information: A type provides the objective standard of reference to determine the application of a taxon name. The type status of a unit (specimen) is only meaningful in combination with the name that is being typified (a unit may have been designated type for multiple names in different publications). The type status of an object may be designated in the original description of a scientific name (original designation), or - under rules layed out in the respective nomenclatural codes - at a later time (subsequent designation). -- For taxa above species rank the type is always a lower rank taxon (e. g., species for genus, genus for family). The type terms for this situation are not included in the enumeration. Ultimately, typication of all taxa goes back to physical type units, but this should not be recorded as such in data sets. The indirect type reference in higher taxa means that typification changes to the lower taxon automatically affect the higher taxon.

The exact definitions of type status differ between nomenclatural codes (ICBN, ICZN, ICNP/ICNB, etc.). The term definitions are intended to be informative and generally applicable across the different codes. The should not be interpreted as authoritative; in nomenclatural work the exact definitions in the respective codes have to be consulted. A duplication of status codes (bot-holo, zoo-holo, bact-holo, etc.) is not considered desirable or necessary. Since the application of the type status terms is constrained by the relationship of the typified name with a specific code, the exact definition can always be unambiguously retrieved.

The following publications have been consulted to determine the number of type terms that should be included and to prepare the semantic definitions:

Nomenclatural Glossary for Zoology (January 18 2000; ftp://ftp.york.biosis.org/sysgloss.txt; verified 17. June 2004)

ICBN St. Louis Code (http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0013Ch2Sec2a009.htm; verified 17. June 2004)

Draft BioCode 4th version (Greuter et al., 1997; http://www.rom.on.ca/biodiversity/biocode/biocode1997.html)

Glossary of 'type' terminology (Ronald H. Petersen; http://fp.bio.utk.edu/mycology/Nomenclature/nom-type.htm)

Dictionary of Ichthyology (Brian W. Coad and Don E. McAllister, 2004; http://www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/introduction.htm)

A useful resource that was not available when writing this proposal might be: Hawksworth, D.L., W.G. Chaloner, O. Krauss, J. McNeill, M.A. Mayo, D.H. Nicolson, P.H.A. Sneath, R.P. Trehane and P.K. Tubbs. 1994. A draft Glossary of terms used in Bionomenclature. (IUBS Monogr. 9) International Union of Biological Sciences, Paris. 74 pp.

Many thanks for review and help to Dr. Miguel A. Alonso-Zarazaga and Dr. Walter Gams. Gregor Hagedorn, 13.7.2004

Allotype

A paratype specimen designated from the type series by the original author that is the opposite sex of the holotype. The term is not regulated by the ICZN. [Zoo.]

Allolectotype

A paralectotype specimen that is the opposite sex of the lectotype. The term is not regulated by the ICZN. [Zoo.]

Alloneotype

A paraneotype specimen that is the opposite sex of the neotype. The term is not regulated by the ICZN. [Zoo.]

Cotype

A deprecated term no longer recognized in the ICZN; formerly used for either syntype or paratype [see ICZN Recommendation 73E]. [Zoo.]

Epitype

An epitype is a specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretative type when any kind of holotype, lectotype, etc. is demonstrably ambiguous and cannot be critically identified for purposes of the precise application of the name of a taxon (see Art. ICBN 9.7, 9.18). An epitype supplements, rather than replaces existing types. [Bot./Bio.]

Ex-Type

A strain or cultivation derived from some kind of type material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]

Ex-Epitype

A strain or cultivation derived from epitype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Bot.]

Ex-Holotype

A strain or cultivation derived from holotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]

Ex-Isotype

A strain or cultivation derived from isotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]

Ex-Lectotype

A strain or cultivation derived from lectotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]

Ex-Neotype

A strain or cultivation derived from neotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]

Ex-Paratype

A strain or cultivation derived from paratype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]

Ex-Syntype

A strain or cultivation derived from neotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.]

Hapantotype

One or more preparations of directly related individuals representing distinct stages in the life cycle, which together form the type in an extant species of protistan [ICZN Article 72.5.4]. A hapantotype, while a series of individuals, is a holotype that must not be restricted by lectotype selection. If a hapantotype is found to contain individuals of more than one species, however, components may be excluded until it contains individuals of only one species [ICZN Article 73.3.2]. [Zoo.]

Holotype

The one specimen or other element used or designated by the original author at the time of publication of the original description as the nomenclatural type of a species or infraspecific taxon. A holotype may be 'explicit' if it is clearly stated in the originating publication or 'implicit' if it is the single specimen proved to have been in the hands of the originating author when the description was published. [Zoo./Bot./Bio.]

Iconotype

A drawing or photograph (also called 'phototype') of a type specimen. Note: the term "iconotype" is not used in the ICBN, but implicit in, e. g., ICBN Art. 7 and 38. [Zoo./Bot.]

Isotype

An isotype is any duplicate of the holotype (i. e. part of a single gathering made by a collector at one time, from which the holotype was derived); it is always a specimen (ICBN Art. 7). [Bot.]

Isolectotype

A duplicate of a neotype, compare lectotype. [Bot.]

Isoneotype

A duplicate of a neotype, compare neotype. [Bot.]

Isosyntype

A duplicate of a syntype, compare isotype = duplicate of holotype. [Bot.]

Lectotype

A specimen or other element designated subsequent to the publication of the original description from the original material (syntypes or paratypes) to serve as nomenclatural type. Lectotype designation can occur only where no holotype was designated at the time of publication or if it is missing (ICBN Art. 7, ICZN Art. 74). [Zoo./Bot.] -- Note: the BioCode defines lectotype as selection from holotype material in cases where the holotype material contains more than one taxon [Bio.].

Neotype

A specimen designated as nomenclatural type subsequent to the publication of the original description in cases where the original holotype, lectotype, all paratypes and syntypes are lost or destroyed, or suppressed by the (botanical or zoological) commission on nomenclature. In zoology also called "Standard specimen" or "Representative specimen". [Zoo./Bot./Bio.]

Paratype

All of the specimens in the type series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the holotype (and, in botany, isotypes). Paratypes must have been at the disposition of the author at the time when the original description was created and must have been designated and indicated in the publication. Judgment must be exercised on paratype status, for only rarely are specimens explicitly cited as paratypes, but usually as "specimens examined," "other material seen", etc. [Zoo./Bot.]

Paralectotype

All of the specimens in the syntype series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the lectotype itself. Also called "lectoparatype". [Zoo.]

Paraneotype

All of the specimens in the syntype series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the neotype itself. Also called "neoparatype". [Zoo.]

Plastotype

A copy or cast of type material, esp. relevant for fossil types. Not regulated by the botanical or zoological code (?). [Zoo./Bot.]

Plastoholotype

A copy or cast of holotype material (compare Plastotype).

Plastoisotype

A copy or cast of isotype material (compare Plastotype).

Plastolectotype

A copy or cast of lectotype material (compare Plastotype).

Plastoneotype

A copy or cast of neotype material (compare Plastotype).

Plastoparatype

A copy or cast of paratype material (compare Plastotype).

Plastosyntype

A copy or cast of syntype material (compare Plastotype).

Secondary type

A referred, described, measured or figured specimen in the original publication (including a neo/lectotypification publication) that is not a primary type.

Supplementary type

A referred, described, measured or figured specimen in a revision of a previously described taxon.

Syntypes

The series of specimens used to describe a species or infraspecific taxon when neither a single holotype by the original author, nor a lectotype in a subsequent publication has been designated. The syntypes collectively constitute the name-bearing type. [Zoo./Bot.]

Topotype

One or more specimens collected at the same location as the type series (type locality), regardless of whether they are part of the type series. Topotypes are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. Also called "locotype". [Zoo./Bot.]

Type

a) A specimen designated or indicated any kind of type of a species or infraspecific taxon. If possible more specific type terms (holotype, syntype, etc.) should be applied. b) the type name of a name of higher rank for taxa above the species rank. [General]

not a type

For specimens erroneously labelled as types an explicit negative statement may be desirable. [General]

TaxonomicRankEnum

Enumerated codes to express the rank of a taxon (scientific organism name) in a taxonomic hierarchy. The list is intended to be interoperable between name providers for bacteria, viruses, fungi, plants, and animals. It is not assumed that in each taxonomic group all ranks have to be used. Individual applications may select appropriate subsets (which may be based on information given inside the enumerated values, see Specifications/BioCode-, Botany-, Zoology-, and BacteriaStatus). The enumeration attempts to strike a balance between listing all possible rank terms, and remaining comprehensible. For example, the "infra-" ranks specifically mentioned in BioCode have been included (although very rarely used), but the additional intermediate zoological ranks (micro, nano, pico, etc.) are not included. Whether the selection of infraspecific ranks (some informal ranks, esp. from bacteriology, may be missing!) probably needs some discussion. However, it is believed that this list may help to start developing data sets that can easily be integrated across the barriers of language and taxonomic traditions.

The following publications have been consulted to determine the number of type terms that should be included and to prepare the semantic definitions:

The Berlin Taxonomic Information Model, MoReTax view (Berendsohn & al., http://www.bgbm.org/scripts/ASP/BGBMModel/Catalogues.asp?Cat=MT

DiversityTaxonomy model version 0.7 (G. Hagedorn & T. Gräfenhan 2002, http://160.45.63.11/Workbench/Taxonomy/Model/InformationModels.html)

ABCD version 1.44, types HigherTaxonRankType and RankAbbreviationType, by W. Berendsohn, reviewed by D. Hobern

TaxCat2 - Database of Botanical Taxonomic Categories by Jörg Ochsmann, IPK Gatersleben; http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/TaxCat2/default.htm

Many thanks for review and help go to Dr. Walter Gams.

Note: the list of all ranks is implemented as a union of all following rank subsets. Note that although BioCode has been used to define the partition into subsets, the ranks are not limited to BioCode but should be an interoperable superset of ranks used in Virology, Bacteriology, Botany and Zoology.

[The following types are members of this union: TaxonomicRankBelowSubspeciesEnum TaxonomicRankSpeciesGroupEnum TaxonomicRankGenusSubdivisionEnum TaxonomicRankGenusGroupEnum TaxonomicRankFamilySubdivisionEnum TaxonomicRankFamilyGroupEnum TaxonomicRankAboveSuperfamilyEnum]

candidate cand.

Candidatus' rank is proposed in bacteriology for putative taxa, which could not yet be studied sufficiently to warrant the creation of a name with a known rank. (Murray, R.G.E. & Schleifer, K.H.: Taxonomic notes: a proposal for recording the properties of putative taxa of procaryotes. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1994, 44, 174-176).

cand. - - - - - - - Proposed - - infraspecific tax. of undefined rank tax. infrasp.

Undefined ranks (using either no rank identifier in botany, or using greek letters or symbols like stars, crosses) occur in very old publications. Most frequently these are to be interpreted as varieties, but occasionally they are forms or subspecies (see Stearn, W.T. 1957: Species plantarum (Facsimile); Introduction. 1. London, p. 90-95, 160-161, 163). The interpretation of these cases requires taxonomic knowledge that may not be available at the time when data are parsed. Such lack of knowledge can be expressed using this rank identifier.

tax. infrasp. - - - - - - - - - - special form f. sp.

The ICBN does not formally cover formae specialis (art. 4, note 3). However, because of the economic importance of pathogenic f. sp., and since it is common practice to handle them as if the code would apply (i. e. priority usually observed, name quoted with author), they are included here.

f. sp. forma sp.; fsp.; fm. sp.; f. spec.; fm. spec.; forma spec. - - - - - - used, but all ranks below subsp. are not covered by ICNP/ICNB, see Rules 5d and 14a. ##Check whether this rank is used indeed. none - subsubform subsubfm. subsubfm. subsubf. - - - - - - - additional(?) - subform subfm. subfm. subf. - - - - - additional - additional - form fm.

Form, race, variety are not subject to regulation in zoology; see ICZN Article 1.3.4

fm. f. - - - - - secondary - secondary - sub-variety subvar. subvar. subv. - - - - - additional - additional - variety var.

Form, race, variety are not subject to regulation in zoology; see ICZN Article 1.3.4 Examples: Pinus nigra var. caramanica (= "P. nigra subsp. nigra var. caramanica"; Taxus baccata var. variegata

var. v. - - - - - secondary used, but all ranks below subsp. are not covered by ICNP/ICNB, see Rules 5d and 14a. ##Check whether this rank is used indeed. secondary - patho-variety pathovar. pathovar. pv. - - - - - - used, but all ranks below subsp. are not covered by ICNP/ICNB, see Rules 5d and 14a. ##Check whether this rank is used indeed. - - bio-variety biovar. biovar. bv. - - - - - - used, but all ranks below subsp. are not covered by ICNP/ICNB, see Rules 5d and 14a. ##Check whether this rank is used indeed. - - cultivar cult.

The epithet is usually output in single quotes and may contain multiple words, see ICBN §28. Examples: Taxus baccata 'Variegata', Juniperus ×pfitzeriana 'Wilhelm Pfitzer'; Magnolia 'Elizabeth' (= a hybrid, no species epithet).

cult. - - - - - - - - Reference to 'Internat. code of nomenclature for cultivated plants' - convar convar.

Used in cultivated plants (ICNCP), but deprecated, see 'Some notes on problems of taxonomy and nomenclature of cultivated plants' by J. Ochsmann, http://www.genres.de/IGRREIHE/IGRREIHE/DDD/22-08.pdf

convar. cv. - - - - - - - - - cultivar-group cultivar. group cultivar. group - - - - - - - - - - graft-chimaera graft-chimaera graft-chimaera - - - - - - - - - - infraspecies infrasp. infrasp. infrasp.; infraspec. - - - - - additional - - - subspecies ssp.

Examples: Pinus nigra subsp. nigra Homo sapiens sapiens

ssp. subsp.; subspec. - - - - - secondary covered additional additional species sp.

Examples: Taxus baccata Homo sapiens

sp. spec. - - - - - primary covered principal principal species group sp. group

The Berlin/MoreTax model notes: "Aggregate and species group have been included although they aren't taxonomic ranks but cirumscriptions because on the one hand they are necessary for the concatenation of the fullname and on the other hand they are necessary for distinguishing the aggregate or species group from the microspecies."

sp. group * - - - - - - - - - species aggregate aggr.

A loosely defined group of species. Zoology: "Aggregate - a group of species, other than a subgenus, within a genus; or a group of subspecies within a species. An aggregate may be denoted by a group name interpolated in parentheses." -- The Berlin/MoreTax model notes: "Aggregate and species group have been included although they aren't taxonomic ranks but cirumscriptions because on the one hand they are necessary for the concatenation of the fullname and on the other hand they are necessary for distinguishing the aggregate or species group from the microspecies."

aggr. * - - - - - - - - - infrageneric tax. of undefined rank tax. infragen.

A name that appear between a genus name and a species epitheton and is not clearly marked as series or section, or other may be assigned to this rank until the true rank can be assigned by a taxonomic expert.

tax. infragen. - - - - - - - - - - subseries subser. subser. * - - - - - additional - additional - series ser. ser. * - - - - - secondary - secondary - subsection subsect. subsect. * - - - - - additional - additional - section sect. sect. * - - - - - secondary - secondary - infragenus infragen. infragen. * - - - - - additional - - - subgenus subgen. subgen. * - - - - - secondary covered additional additional genus gen.

Examples: Magnolia Homo

gen. - - - - - - primary covered principal principal infratribe infratrib. infratrib. - - - - - - additional - - - subtribe subtrib. subtrib. - -inae -inae -inae -inae -ina additional covered (but probably not in current use) additional - tribe trib. trib. - -eae -eae -eae -eae -ini secondary covered (but probably not in current use) secondary - supertribe supertrib. supertrib. - - - - - - additional - additional - infrafamily infrafam. infrafam. - - - - - - additional - - - subfamily subfam.

Examples: Magnolioideae

subfam. - -oideae -oideae -oideae -oideae -inae secondary covered additional additional family fam.

Examples: Magnoliaceae Hominidae

fam. - -aceae -aceae -aceae -aceae -idae principal covered principal principal superfamily superfam.

Examples: Magnoliacea

superfam. - - -acea -acea -acea -oidea; -acea secondary - additional - infraorder infraord. infraord. - - - - - - additional - - - suborder subord.

Examples: Magnolineae Catarrhini

subord. - -ineae -ineae -ineae -ineae - additional covered additional additional order ord.

Examples: Magnoliales Primates

ord. - -ales -ales -ales -ales - principal covered principal principal superorder superord.

Examples: Magnolianae

superord. - - -anae -anae -anae - additional - additional additional infraclass infracl. infracl. - - - - - - additional - - - subclass subcl.

Examples: Magnoliidae Eutheria

subcl. - -idae [proposed; Stackebrandt, E., Rainey, F.A. & Ward-Rainey, N.L.: Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1997, 47, 479-491.] -idae -phycidae -mycetidae - additional covered additional additional class cl.

Examples: Magnoliopsida Mammalia

cl. - -ia [proposed; Stackebrandt, E., Rainey, F.A. & Ward-Rainey, N.L.: Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1997, 47, 479-491.] -opsida -phyceae -mycetes - principal covered principal principal superclass supercl. supercl. - - - - - - additional - additional - infraphylum (= infradivision) infraphyl./div. infraphyl./div. - - - - - - additional - - - subphylum (= subdivision) subphyl./div.

Examples: Magnoliophytina Vertebrata

subphyl./div. - - -phytina -phytina -mycotina - additional - - additional phylum (= division) phyl./div.

Examples: Magnoliophyta Chordata

phyl./div. - - -phyta -phyta -mycota - principal used, but all ranks above class are not covered by ICNP/ICNB - principal superphylum (= superdivision) superphyl./div. superphyl./div. - - - - - - additional - - additional infrakingdom infrareg. infrareg. - - - - - - additional - - - subkingdom subreg. subreg. - - - - - - additional - additional additional kingdom reg.

Examples: Plantae Animalia

reg. - - - - - - principal used, but all ranks above class are not covered by ICNP/ICNB principal principal super kingdom superreg.

Examples: Eucaryota

superreg. - - - - - - additional - additional additional domain (= empire) dom.

Examples: Archaea (= Archaeobacteria), Bacteria (= Eubacteria), Eukarya (= Eukaryota)

dom. - - - - - - secondary used, but all ranks above class are not covered by ICNP/ICNB - - suprageneric tax. of undefined rank tax. supragen.

This value indicates that the rank of a name is unknown. Compare "incertae sedis" which is commonly used as a replacement for a taxon to group all taxa whose position in the classification or phylogenetic tree is uncertain.

tax. supragen. - - - - - - - - - - TaxonomicRankBelowSubspeciesEnum

Subset of ranks; equivalent to BioCode "infra-subspecfic", i.e. below the species group

candidate cand.

Candidatus' rank is proposed in bacteriology for putative taxa, which could not yet be studied sufficiently to warrant the creation of a name with a known rank. (Murray, R.G.E. & Schleifer, K.H.: Taxonomic notes: a proposal for recording the properties of putative taxa of procaryotes. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1994, 44, 174-176).

cand. - - - - - - - Proposed - - infraspecific tax. of undefined rank tax. infrasp.

Undefined ranks (using either no rank identifier in botany, or using greek letters or symbols like stars, crosses) occur in very old publications. Most frequently these are to be interpreted as varieties, but occasionally they are forms or subspecies (see Stearn, W.T. 1957: Species plantarum (Facsimile); Introduction. 1. London, p. 90-95, 160-161, 163). The interpretation of these cases requires taxonomic knowledge that may not be available at the time when data are parsed. Such lack of knowledge can be expressed using this rank identifier.

tax. infrasp. - - - - - - - - - - special form f. sp.

The ICBN does not formally cover formae specialis (art. 4, note 3). However, because of the economic importance of pathogenic f. sp., and since it is common practice to handle them as if the code would apply (i. e. priority usually observed, name quoted with author), they are included here.

f. sp. forma sp.; fsp.; fm. sp.; f. spec.; fm. spec.; forma spec. - - - - - - used, but all ranks below subsp. are not covered by ICNP/ICNB, see Rules 5d and 14a. ##Check whether this rank is used indeed. none - subsubform subsubfm. subsubfm. subsubf. - - - - - - - additional(?) - subform subfm. subfm. subf. - - - - - additional - additional - form fm.

Form, race, variety are not subject to regulation in zoology; see ICZN Article 1.3.4

fm. f. - - - - - secondary - secondary - sub-variety subvar. subvar. subv. - - - - - additional - additional - variety var.

Form, race, variety are not subject to regulation in zoology; see ICZN Article 1.3.4 Examples: Pinus nigra var. caramanica (= "P. nigra subsp. nigra var. caramanica"; Taxus baccata var. variegata

var. v. - - - - - secondary used, but all ranks below subsp. are not covered by ICNP/ICNB, see Rules 5d and 14a. ##Check whether this rank is used indeed. secondary - patho-variety pathovar. pathovar. pv. - - - - - - used, but all ranks below subsp. are not covered by ICNP/ICNB, see Rules 5d and 14a. ##Check whether this rank is used indeed. - - bio-variety biovar. biovar. bv. - - - - - - used, but all ranks below subsp. are not covered by ICNP/ICNB, see Rules 5d and 14a. ##Check whether this rank is used indeed. - - cultivar cult.

The epithet is usually output in single quotes and may contain multiple words, see ICBN §28. Examples: Taxus baccata 'Variegata', Juniperus ×pfitzeriana 'Wilhelm Pfitzer'; Magnolia 'Elizabeth' (= a hybrid, no species epithet).

cult. - - - - - - - - Reference to 'Internat. code of nomenclature for cultivated plants' - convar convar.

Used in cultivated plants (ICNCP), but deprecated, see 'Some notes on problems of taxonomy and nomenclature of cultivated plants' by J. Ochsmann, http://www.genres.de/IGRREIHE/IGRREIHE/DDD/22-08.pdf

convar. cv. - - - - - - - - - cultivar-group cultivar. group cultivar. group - - - - - - - - - - graft-chimaera graft-chimaera graft-chimaera - - - - - - - - - - infraspecies infrasp. infrasp. infrasp.; infraspec. - - - - - additional - - - TaxonomicRankSpeciesGroupEnum

Subset of ranks; equivalent to BioCode "species group", i.e. only species and subspecies

subspecies ssp.

Examples: Pinus nigra subsp. nigra Homo sapiens sapiens

ssp. subsp.; subspec. - - - - - secondary covered additional additional species sp.

Examples: Taxus baccata Homo sapiens

sp. spec. - - - - - primary covered principal principal TaxonomicRankGenusSubdivisionEnum

Subset of ranks; equivalent to BioCode ""subdivision of a genus" ", i.e. all ranks between genus and species group (i.e. not including subgenus and species)

species group sp. group

The Berlin/MoreTax model notes: "Aggregate and species group have been included although they aren't taxonomic ranks but cirumscriptions because on the one hand they are necessary for the concatenation of the fullname and on the other hand they are necessary for distinguishing the aggregate or species group from the microspecies."

sp. group * - - - - - - - - - species aggregate aggr.

A loosely defined group of species. Zoology: "Aggregate - a group of species, other than a subgenus, within a genus; or a group of subspecies within a species. An aggregate may be denoted by a group name interpolated in parentheses." -- The Berlin/MoreTax model notes: "Aggregate and species group have been included although they aren't taxonomic ranks but cirumscriptions because on the one hand they are necessary for the concatenation of the fullname and on the other hand they are necessary for distinguishing the aggregate or species group from the microspecies."

aggr. * - - - - - - - - - infrageneric tax. of undefined rank tax. infragen.

A name that appear between a genus name and a species epitheton and is not clearly marked as series or section, or other may be assigned to this rank until the true rank can be assigned by a taxonomic expert.

tax. infragen. - - - - - - - - - - subseries subser. subser. * - - - - - additional - additional - series ser. ser. * - - - - - secondary - secondary - subsection subsect. subsect. * - - - - - additional - additional - section sect. sect. * - - - - - secondary - secondary - TaxonomicRankGenusGroupEnum

Subset of ranks; equivalent to BioCode "genus group", i.e. infragenus to genus

infragenus infragen. infragen. * - - - - - additional - - - subgenus subgen. subgen. * - - - - - secondary covered additional additional genus gen.

Examples: Magnolia Homo

gen. - - - - - - primary covered principal principal TaxonomicRankFamilySubdivisionEnum

Subset of ranks; equivalent to BioCode "subdivision of a family", i.e. ranks between genus group and family group

infratribe infratrib. infratrib. - - - - - - additional - - - subtribe subtrib. subtrib. - -inae -inae -inae -inae -ina additional covered (but probably not in current use) additional - tribe trib. trib. - -eae -eae -eae -eae -ini secondary covered (but probably not in current use) secondary - supertribe supertrib. supertrib. - - - - - - additional - additional - TaxonomicRankFamilyGroupEnum

Subset of ranks; equivalent to BioCode "family group", i.e. infrafamily to superfamily

infrafamily infrafam. infrafam. - - - - - - additional - - - subfamily subfam.

Examples: Magnolioideae

subfam. - -oideae -oideae -oideae -oideae -inae secondary covered additional additional family fam.

Examples: Magnoliaceae Hominidae

fam. - -aceae -aceae -aceae -aceae -idae principal covered principal principal superfamily superfam.

Examples: Magnoliacea

superfam. - - -acea -acea -acea -oidea; -acea secondary - additional - TaxonomicRankAboveSuperfamilyEnum

Subset of ranks; equivalent to BioCode "suprafamilial". This rank group includes all ranks higher than superfamily (class, phylum/division, kingdom, domain)

infraorder infraord. infraord. - - - - - - additional - - - suborder subord.

Examples: Magnolineae Catarrhini

subord. - -ineae -ineae -ineae -ineae - additional covered additional additional order ord.

Examples: Magnoliales Primates

ord. - -ales -ales -ales -ales - principal covered principal principal superorder superord.

Examples: Magnolianae

superord. - - -anae -anae -anae - additional - additional additional infraclass infracl. infracl. - - - - - - additional - - - subclass subcl.

Examples: Magnoliidae Eutheria

subcl. - -idae [proposed; Stackebrandt, E., Rainey, F.A. & Ward-Rainey, N.L.: Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1997, 47, 479-491.] -idae -phycidae -mycetidae - additional covered additional additional class cl.

Examples: Magnoliopsida Mammalia

cl. - -ia [proposed; Stackebrandt, E., Rainey, F.A. & Ward-Rainey, N.L.: Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1997, 47, 479-491.] -opsida -phyceae -mycetes - principal covered principal principal superclass supercl. supercl. - - - - - - additional - additional - infraphylum (= infradivision) infraphyl./div. infraphyl./div. - - - - - - additional - - - subphylum (= subdivision) subphyl./div.

Examples: Magnoliophytina Vertebrata

subphyl./div. - - -phytina -phytina -mycotina - additional - - additional phylum (= division) phyl./div.

Examples: Magnoliophyta Chordata

phyl./div. - - -phyta -phyta -mycota - principal used, but all ranks above class are not covered by ICNP/ICNB - principal superphylum (= superdivision) superphyl./div. superphyl./div. - - - - - - additional - - additional infrakingdom infrareg. infrareg. - - - - - - additional - - - subkingdom subreg. subreg. - - - - - - additional - additional additional kingdom reg.

Examples: Plantae Animalia

reg. - - - - - - principal used, but all ranks above class are not covered by ICNP/ICNB principal principal super kingdom superreg.

Examples: Eucaryota

superreg. - - - - - - additional - additional additional domain (= empire) dom.

Examples: Archaea (= Archaeobacteria), Bacteria (= Eubacteria), Eukarya (= Eukaryota)

dom. - - - - - - secondary used, but all ranks above class are not covered by ICNP/ICNB - - suprageneric tax. of undefined rank tax. supragen.

This value indicates that the rank of a name is unknown. Compare "incertae sedis" which is commonly used as a replacement for a taxon to group all taxa whose position in the classification or phylogenetic tree is uncertain.

tax. supragen. - - - - - - - - - -